Australian Vertebrates
See also Vertebrates, Solnhofen, Fish & Pleistocene(Mammals) sections for more Vertebrates.
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Australian Vertebrates:
During the Cretaceous, Gondwana (the super continent of the southern hemisphere, consisting of what is now Africa, India, Antarctica, South America and Australia) breaks into pieces. India moves to the north and South America to the west. The northern hemisphere contains two continents: Asiamerica, consisting of current Asia and the western part of North America, and Euramerica, consisting of Europe and the eastern part of North America. During the Eocene, Australia breaks away from Antarctica and moves northwards. During the Middle Pliocene, South America comes into contact with Central and North America, after which a lot of animals from South America move northwards, but also vice versa. Until the Pliocene, marsupials were common in South America, but in the second half of the Pliocene they are almost all replaced by placental mammals from North America. Marsupials can now only be found in great numbers in Australia.
The oldest marsupial fossils are found in deposits from the Early Cretaceous in Asia. From there they spread to North America and then to South America and Australasia. In the early Tertiary, North American marsupials spread to Eurasia, where they survived until the Miocene, and Africa, where they already became extinct earlier. In North America, they became extinct in the Miocene, but reinvaded from South America in the Pliocene.
Approximately 65 million years ago, South American marsupials entered Australia via Antarctica. Australian marsupials were able to develop strongly without the competition of placental mammals when Australia detached from Antarctica in the Eocene. Only bats were able to reach Australia in the Upper Oligocene, and rodents in the Upper Miocene, both via Indonesia. The most spectacular Australian marsupial faunas are known from the Pleistocene, when giant kangaroos, wombats and diprotodonts lived with marsupial “lions”, heavily armoured turtles and the giant varanoid lizard Megalania.

Bibliography:
Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia, W.R. Barker and P.J.M. Greenslade, 1982, Peacock Publications (Frewville, Australia)
Australia’s Prehistoric Animals, P.F. Murray, 1984, Methuen Australia (North Ryde, Australia)
Riversleigh: the story of animals in ancient rainforests of inland Australia, M. Archer, S.J. Hand and H. Godthelp, 1991, Reed Books (Victoria, Australia)
Wildlife of Gondwana: dinosaurs and other vertebrates from the ancient supercontinent, P. Vickers-Rich and T. Hewitt Rich, 1999, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, US)
Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: one hundred million years of evolution, J.A. Long, M. Archer, T. Flannery, S. Hand and A. Musser, 2002, UNSW Press (Sydney, Australia)

Collection statement:
Please note that all below listed specimens are available as one collection for Natural History Museums or Paleontological Institutions for a special price. For your information all below specimens are from an old collection and (to our current knowledge) already fully and adequatly represented in public (Australian) collections.

Baringa nelsonensis #MA421
Axis vertebra from a Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size : 1.8 inch / 4.5 cm
Price : Euro 50.--
Baringa nelsonensis #MA422
Phalange from a Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size : 0.8 inch / 2 cm
Price : Euro 15.--
Bettongia lessur #MA423
Right lower jaw of the Bettong marsupial
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size : 1.8 inch / 4.5 cm
Price : Euro 120.--

Diprotodon optatum #MA424
Half Molar of biggest Marsupial ever
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield swamp, Victoria, Australia
Size : 2.4 inch / 6 cm
Price : Euro 240.--
Macropus spec. #MA426
Complete rib from a giant Kangaroo.
With bite marks of the Thylacoleo carnifex!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size : 10.4 inch / 26 cm
Price : Euro
Macropus titan #MA427
2 incisor teeth from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield Swamp, Victoria, Australia
Size biggest: 1.72 inch / 4.3 cm
Price for the 2: Euro 160.--
Macropus titan #MA494
Claw from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield Swamp, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.08 inch / 2.7 cm
Price: Euro 65.--
Macropus titan #MA495
5th Metatarsal from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield swamp, Victoria, Australia
Size: 3.2 inch / 8 cm
Price: Euro 25.--
Macropus spec. #MA496
Rare Sacrum from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3.2 inch / 8 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Macropus titan #MA497
Maximilla from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3 inch / 7.5 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Mus spec. #MA499
Right lower jaw from a Marsupial mouse
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 0.88 inch / 2.2 cm
Price: Euro 80--
Palorchestes parvus #MA500a
Molar from Diprotodontid Marsupial
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 0.68 inch / 1.7 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Palorchestes parvus #MA500b
Molar from Diprotodontid Marsupial
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 0.64 inch / 1.6 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Perameles spec. #MA501
Right Maxilla from a strange Marsupial called Bandicoot
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 0.88 inch / 2.2 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Potorus spec. #MA502
Lower jaw from a Kangaroo like marsupial
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 1.6 inch / 4 cm
Price: Euro 95.--
Protemnodon cf. anak #MA503
Left Lower jaw from a giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Cox'x creek, New South Wales, Australia
Size: 5 inch / 12.5 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Protemnodon roechus #MA505
Right Lower jaw from a giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 5.72 inch / 14.3 cm
Price: Euro 240.--
Protemnodon roechus #MA506
incisor tooth from a giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.8 inch / 4.5 cm
Price: Euro 160.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA507
Partial Humerus from a giant Wallaby, proximal end has been bitten off by Thylacoleo carnifex!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 6.8 inch / 17 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA508
Toe bone from a giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 7.6 inch / 19 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA509
2 incisor teeth from a giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size biggest: 1 inch / 2.5 cm
Price for the 2: Euro 120.--
Sarcophilus harrisii #MA510
Near complete Skull of the "Tasmanian Devil"
Pleistocene/Holocene, 10000 years old
Gunns Plains area, Northern Tasmania, Australia
Size: 5.2 inch / 13 cm
Price: 
Stenurus gilli #MA512
Neck vertebra of short faced Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 1.2 inch / 3 cm
Price: Euro 70.--
Tiliqua scincoides #MA513
Near complete Maxilla of the Blue tonuged Lizard
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 1 inch / 2.5 cm
Price: Euro 160.--
Baringa nelsonensis #MA527
Matching pair of 4th & 5th Metatarsals
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 4 inch / 10 cm
Price: Euro 160.--
Emydura spec. #MA535
Turtle shell parts
Pliocene, 4 Miilion years old
Chinchilla, Queensland, Australia
Size biggest: 3 inch / 7.5 cm
Price for all: Euro 80.-- or Euro 15.-- a piece
Kolopsis torus #MA536
Near complete vertebra of early Diprotodontid Marsupial
Miocene, 10 Million years old
Alcoota Station, Northern territory, Australia
Size: 2.04 inch / 5.1 cm
Price: Euro 90.--
Lasiorhinus spec. #MA537
Lower jaw section from a hairy nosed Wombat
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Willandra lake district, New South Wales, Australia
Size: 2 inch / 5 cm
Price: Euro 160.--
Macropus cf. titan #MA538
Partial scapula from a giant Kangaroo
With bite marks of the Thylacoleo carnifex! 
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 8.2 inch / 20.5 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Macropus giganteus  #MA539
1 incisor and 2 molar teeth from a giant Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson bay, Victoria, Australia
Size biggest: 1 inch / 2.5 cm
Price: Euro
Macropus siva #MA540
Nice incisor tooth from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.92 inch / 4.8 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Macropus spec.  #MA541
Proximal tail vertebra from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size wide: 4.6 inch / 11.5 cm
Price: Euro 100.--
Macropus spec.  #MA542
Matching set Claw and toe bone from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3.4 inch / 8.5 cm
Price: Euro 90.--
Macropus spec. #MA543
Matching set Claw and toe bone from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 2.6 inch / 6.5 cm
Price: Euro 65.--
Macropus spec. #MA544
Toe bone from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 2.2 inch / 5.5 cm
Price: Euro 40.--
Macropus cf. titan  #MA545
Rib section from a giant Kangaroo
With bite marks of the Thylacoleo carnifex! 
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 4 inch / 10 cm
Price: Euro 45.-- ON HOLD
Macropus spec. #MA546
Rare Skull fragment from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.68 inch / 4.2 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Macropus titan  #MA547
Lower jaw section from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield Swamp, Victoria, Australia
Size: 3.36 inch / 8.4 cm
Price: Euro 60.--
Pallimnarchus pollens #MA549
Rare Tooth from a Ziphodont Crocodile
Pliocene, 4 Million years old
Chinchilla, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.32 inch / 3.3 cm
Price: Euro 45.--
Pallimnarchus pollens  #MA550
Rare Scute from a Ziphodont Crocodile
Pliocene, 4 Million years old
Chinchilla, Queensland, Australia
Size: 2.04 inch / 5.1 cm
Price: Euro 25.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA551
Huge 4th Metatarsal from a giant Wallaby
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.92 inch / 4.8 cm
Price: Euro 45.--
Sacrophilus harrisii #MA552
Left lower jaw of the Tasmanian Devil
Pleistocene/Holocene, 10000 years old
Merrywood Coal Mine, Royal George, Tasmania, Australia
Size: 3.64 inch / 9.1 cm
Price: Euro
Sthenurus gilli #MA553
Right lower jaw from a Short faced Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 3.68 inch / 9.2 cm
Price: Euro 95.--
Sthenurus gilli #MA554
Maxilla from a Short faced Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 2.84 inch / 7.1 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Zygomaturus trilobus #MA555
Molar tooth of Diprotodontid Marsupial
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.24 inch / 3.1 cm
Price: Euro 175.--
Macropus cf. titan #MA556
Ulna section from a Giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 4.16 inch / 10.4 cm
Price: Euro 45.--
Macropus cf. titan #MA557
Matching Ulna and Radius from a Giant Kangaroo
Probably the same animal
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size biggest bone: 12.64 inch / 31.6 cm
Price for the 2: Euro 130.--
Macropus spec. #MA558
Astralagus from a Giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Buchan, Victoria, Australia
Size: 0.88 inch / 2.2 cm
Price: Euro 40.--
Macropus spec. #MA559
Lumbar Vertebra from a Giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3.28 inch / 8.2 cm high
Price: Euro 120.--
Protemnodon anak #MA560
Maxilla section from a Giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.72 inch / 4.3 cm
Price: Euro 55.--
Protemnodon brechus #MA561
Maxilla with full set of teeth from a Giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3.76 inch / 9.4 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA562
Complete Calcaneum from a Giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 4.08 inch / 10.2 cm
Price: Euro 45.--
Protemnodon spec. #MA563
Near complete (5 to 10% restored) Humerus from a Giant Wallaby
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 13 inch / 32.5 cm
Price: Euro 160.--
Stenurus spec. #MA564
Claw from a Short faced Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Strathdownie, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.8 inch / 4.5 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Troposodon minor #MA565
Right lower jaw from a rare type of Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 3.76 inch / 9.4 cm
Price: Euro 120.--
Diprotodon optatum #MA566
Molar tooth of  biggest Marsupial ever
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia
Size: 1.76 inch / 4.4 cm wide
Price: Euro 490.-- 
Diprotodon optatum #MA567
Dorsal section from a huge vertebra of  biggest Marsupial ever
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia
Size: 6.08 inch / 15.2 cm
Price: Euro 160.-- ON HOLD
Baringa nelsonensis. #MA568
Very Nice Right lower jaw from a rare Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 4.52 inch / 11.3 cm
Price: Euro 200.--
Baringa nelsonensis. #MA569
Vertebra from a rare Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.84 inch / 4.6 cm
Price: Euro 65.--
Baringa nelsonensis. #MA570
Vertebra from a rare Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 1.76 inch / 4.4 cm
Price: Euro 65.--
Baringa nelsonensis. #MA571
Pelvis from a rare Kangaroo
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 6.48 inch / 16.2 cm
Price: Euro 45.--
Baringa nelsonensis. #MA572
Double Maxilla from a rare Kangaroo
From the same animal
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size biggest: 2.52 inch / 6.3 cm
Price: Euro 210.--
Macropus titan. #MA573
Lower jaw section from a Giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria, Australia
Size: 5 inch / 12.5 cm
Price: Euro 110.--
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA574
Large section of Carnassial tooth of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 1.6 inch / 4 cm
Price:
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA575
Foot bone of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 1.44 inch / 3.6 cm
Price: Euro 
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA577
Foot Bone of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 1.52 inch / 3.8 cm
Price: Euro 
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA578
Lower rigth 1st Molar tooth of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 0.64 inch / 1.6 cm
Price: Euro 
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA579
Upper left 1st Molar tooth of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 0.44 inch / 1.1 cm
Price: Euro 490.--
Thylacoleo carnifex #MA580
Upper right 3rd incisor tooth of this very rare Marsupial Lion!
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 0.68 inch / 1.7 cm
Price: Euro 490.--
Zygomaturus trilobus #MA581
Rare half Molar from a Giant Marsupial
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Lancefield Swamp, Victoria , Australia
Size: 1 inch / 2.5cm
Price: Euro 55.--
Megalania prisca #MA582
Complete tooth of this very Rare
Giant Monitor Lizard
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 0.92 inch / 2.3 cm
Price: Only Available together with #MA583 and #MA584 for Euro 
Sarcophilus spec. #MA585
Extreme Rare!! Left lower jaw from a large extinct sub-species of the Tasmanian devil
L. Pleistocene, 1 Million years old
Nelson Bay, Victoria,  Australia
Size: 3.64 inch / 9.1 cm
Price: 
Macropus spec. #MA586
Pelvis from a rare Kangaroo species
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland Australia
Size: 6.6 inch / 16.5 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Macropus cf. giganteus #MA587
Right lower jaw from a giant Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 4.6 inch / 11.5 cm
Price: Euro 80.--
Permales spec. #MA588
Very rare Double Pelvis from a Marsupial called Bandicoot
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 2.2 inch / 5.5 cm
Price: Euro 320.--
Sthenurus occidentalis #MA589
Very large partial complete skull section from a Short faced Kangaroo
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Naracoorte, South Australia
Size: 4.8 by 5 inch / 12 by 12.5 cm
Price: 
Macropus cf. titan #MA607
Radius from a Giant Kangaroo
With bite marks of the Thylacoleo carnifex! 
Pleistocene, 50000 years old
Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Size: 12 inch / 30 cm
Price: Euro